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Black conservatism in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Black conservatism in the United States is a political and social movement rooted in African-American communities that aligns largely with the American conservative movement and is part of black conservatism around the world. [1] It is often associated with the Christian right (per 2007 data).[2] Black conservatism often emphasizes social conservatism, traditionalism, patriotism, capitalism, and free markets.

During the Reconstruction era, many black voters supported the Republican Party.[3] Booker T. Washington had a more conservative approach to politics in the United States while W. E. B. DuBois called for more radical change.[4] Some African Americans supported Democrat Woodrow Wilson's first presidential campaign and were betrayed by his policies once in office.[5] Under Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, during his first two terms, civil rights legislation was not passed, however, New Deal programs led to the black vote becoming more split.[6] In 1960, the Kennedy-Johnson campaign promoted civil rights as a central issue and during their administration, they passed anti-discrimination legislation, gaining the black vote. Since then, the Democratic Party has held a majority of the black votes in America,[7] although Pew Research Center polling has found that the percentage of African-Americans who identify as Democratic has declined in recent years, from 75% during Barack Obama's presidency to 67% in 2020. A 2017 sample size of 10,245 voters concluded that just 8% of African-Americans identify as Republican.[8]

Influential black Republicans in the early 21st century who have held public office include U.S. Senator Tim Scott,[9] U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas,[10] Virginia Lt. Gov. Winsome Sears,[11] and Cabinet secretaries Ben Carson,[12] Condoleezza Rice,[13] and Colin Powell.[14] Political commentators Candace Owens, Thomas Sowell, Shelby Steele, Armstrong Williams, Larry Elder, Walter Williams, and Jason L. Riley are influential figures in black conservatism.

Overview

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Booker T. Washington

Elections

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Alan Keyes became the first African-American candidate to run in the Republican presidential primaries in 1996, but he did not win any state's primary or caucus. Keyes ran for president again in 2000[15] and in 2008.

"Tea Party" Republican Herman Cain staged a run for the presidency in 2012. He received a brief surge of attention and popularity but withdrew before any primaries were held.[16]

Neurosurgeon Ben Carson ran for the Republican nomination in the 2016 election. He polled well for a time in late 2015, but withdrew after the first Super Tuesday.[17] Carson received 857,039 votes during the Republican primaries; this total represented 2.75% of the votes cast. He was supported by seven delegates at the Republican National Convention.[18]

African-American Republicans have not always been successful in winning elected office, including in states that are traditionally considered Republican strongholds: Herschel Walker lost the 2022 United States Senate election in Georgia, Daniel Cameron lost the 2023 Kentucky gubernatorial election, Mark Robinson lost the 2024 North Carolina gubernatorial election and Winsome Earle-Sears lost in the 2025 Virginia gubernatorial election.

Beliefs

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One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal choice and responsibilities above socioeconomic status and institutional racism.[19][20] Black conservatives typically support do-for-self, self reliance, and personal responsibility. Black conservatives tend to be self-critical of aspects of African-American culture that they believe have created poverty and dependency.[21] John McWhorter's 2000 book Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America and Bill Cosby's 2004 "Pound Cake speech" exemplified this critique, though their authors did not strictly come from the Black conservative movement.[citation needed]

A 2007 Pew Research Center survey showed that 19% of Black Americans identified as Religious Right.[2] In 2004, though, the Pew Research Center indicated only 7% of Black Americans identified as Republican.[22]

A National Election Pool poll showed that support for California Proposition 8 (2008) (a state constitutional amendment defining marriage as an opposite-sex union) was strong among African-American voters; 70% of those interviewed in the exit poll—a higher percentage than any other racial group—stated that they voted in favor of Proposition 8.[23] Polls by both the Associated Press and CNN mirrored this data, reporting support among Black voters to be at 70%[24] and 75%,[25] respectively. African-American support was considered crucial to the Proposition's passage because African Americans made up an unusually large percentage of voters in 2008; the presence of African-American presidential candidate Barack Obama on the ballot was believed to have increased African-American voter turnout.[26]

Historical basis

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From Reconstruction up until the New Deal, the black population tended to vote Republican.[27] During that period, the Republican Party—particularly in the Southern United States—was seen as more racially progressive than the Democratic Party, primarily because of the role of the Southern wing of the Democratic Party as the party of racial segregation and the Republican Party's roots in the abolitionist movement (see Dixiecrats).[citation needed]

Blacks started to shift in significant numbers to the Democrats with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt[28] and continued with the election of John F. Kennedy. Among Truman Administration officials, the publication of Henry Lee Moon's Balance of Power spurred Democratic partisan support for African-American constituencies.[29] This shift was also influenced by Herbert Hoover's practice of firing loyal African-Americans from positions within the Republican Party, in order to increase his appeal to Southern white voters.[30] This can be considered an early example of a set of Republican Party methods that were later termed the Southern Strategy.[31][better source needed]

Tim Scott
Colin Powell
Alphonso Jackson
Rod Paige
Clarence Thomas
William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.
Scott Turner
Ben Carson

Timeline of events - National African American Conservatives

[edit]
Condoleezza Rice

This is a timeline of significant events in African-American history that have shaped the conservative movement in the United States.

1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s

Modern African-American conservatives

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Alabama

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Alaska

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Arizona

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Arkansas

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California

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Connecticut

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Delaware

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Florida

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Georgia

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Hawaii

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Illinois

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Indiana

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Iowa

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Kansas

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Kentucky

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Louisiana

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Maryland

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Massachusetts

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Michigan

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Minnesota

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Mississippi

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Missouri

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Nebraska

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Nevada

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New Hampshire

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New Jersey

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New Mexico

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New York

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North Carolina

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Ohio

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Oklahoma

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Oregon

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Pennsylvania

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South Carolina

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South Dakota

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Texas

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Utah

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Vermont

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Virginia

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Washington

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West Virginia

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  • Caleb Hanna – West Virginia State Delegate (2018–2024)
  • Jill Upson – West Virginia State Delegate (2014–2018)

Wisconsin

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Wyoming

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District of Columbia

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Other people

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United States judges

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U.S. Supreme Court justices

[edit]
Clarence Thomas

U.S. Court of Appeals judges

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Statewide judges

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U.S. District court judges

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County and municipal judges

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Other judges

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Political commentators, authors and journalists

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Candace Owens
Brandon Tatum
Harris Faulkner

Athletes

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Mike Tyson
Antonio Brown

Entertainers

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Kanye West
Nicki Minaj
Nick Cannon

Civil rights, pastors and activists

[edit]

Military

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Other

[edit]
Herman Cain

Organizations

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See also

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References

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  1. ↑ Diamond, Sara (1996). Facing the Wrath: Confronting the Right in Dangerous Times. Common Courage Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-56751-078-2. Christian Right activists allied with black conservatives to make their causes appear more mainstream across racial and class lines. In this vein, the Family Research Council (the lobbying affiliate of Focus on the Family) recently named as vice-president Kay Cole James, a black anti-abortion activist.
  2. 1 2 Pew Forum: Many Americans Uneasy with Mix of Religion and Politics Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Myers, Tyler (2011). African-American Trailblazers: The Sociopolitical Factors of Success (Honors thesis). University of South Florida. Paper 31.
  4. ↑ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/debate-w-e-b-du-bois-and-booker-t-washington/
  5. ↑ https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/01/chicago-defender/422583/
  6. ↑ Huckfeldt, Robert (1989). Race and the Decline of Class in American Politics. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252016009.
  7. ↑ Tate, Katherine (1994). From Protests to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 1–238. ISBN 9780674325401.
  8. ↑ "1. Trends in party affiliation among demographic groups". Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  9. ↑ "What Tim Scott's 2024 Campaign Could Mean for Black Republicans (Published 2023)". 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2025-11-16.
  10. ↑ "Lexington: The school of very hard knocks". The Economist. 2007-10-04. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  11. ↑ "'I Look Like the Strategy': Winsome Sears Wants Black Voters to Rethink the G.O.P. (Published 2021)". 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2025-11-16.
  12. ↑ Coates, Ta-Nehisi (2013-04-04). "The Conservative Black Hope". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2025-11-16.
  13. ↑ Alexander-Floyd, Nikol-G (2021). Re-Imagining Black Women: A Critique of Post-Feminist and Post-Racial Melodrama in Culture and Politics. NYU Press. pp. 27–58. ISBN 9781479820139.
  14. ↑ Tensley, Brandon (2021-10-19). "Analysis: Colin Powell was a longtime Republican. But he often criticized the party's race problem | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 2025-11-16.
  15. ↑ George, Robert (March 3, 2000). "A MAN WITH A MESSAGE – ALAN KEYES: THE REPUBLICAN LONG SHOT WHO'S WINNING DEBATES". New York Post. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  16. ↑ Murphy, Patricia (3 December 2011). "Herman Cain Exclusive Interview: He Talks About Why He Dropped Out, Plans". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  17. ↑ Schuppe, Jon (March 2, 2016). "Ben Carson Withdraws From GOP Debate, Sees No 'Path Forward'". NBC News. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  18. ↑ "Republican Convention 2016". www.thegreenpapers.com.
  19. ↑ Wright Rigueur, Leah (15 February 2015). "The Forgotten History of Black Republicans". The Daily Beast. New York City. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  20. ↑ For an overview of these themes, see Stan Faryna, Brad Stetson, and Joseph G. Conti, Eds., Black and Right: The Bold New Voice of Black Conservatives in America, (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997)
  21. ↑ Brian Greenberg; Linda S. Watts; Richard A. Greenwald; Gordon Reavley; Alice L. George; Scott Beekman; Cecelia Bucki; Mark Ciabattari; John C. Stoner; Troy D. Paino; Laurie Mercier; Andrew Hunt; Peter C. Holloran; Nancy Cohen (2008). Social History of the United States [10 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-59884-128-2.
  22. ↑ Part 1: Party Affiliation: The 2004 Political Landscape Archived April 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ "Exit Poll Shows Black and Hispanic Americans Overwhelmingly Backed Prop. 8". KTVU. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  24. ↑ "70% of African Americans backed Prop. 8, exit poll finds". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2008-11-05. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  25. ↑ "Local Exit Polls – Election Center 2008 – Elections & Politics from". CNN.com. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  26. ↑ Morain, Dan; Garrison, Jessica (2008-11-06). "Focused beyond marriage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  27. ↑ "For Black Republicans, A Dramatic Shift | UW College of Arts & Sciences". artsci.washington.edu. Retrieved 2025-11-16.
  28. ↑ "American President: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The American Franchine". Millercenter.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  29. ↑ Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth (2016). These United States: A Nation in the Making, 1890-Present (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 24. ISBN 9780393283075.
  30. ↑ Dawson, Michael C. (1995). Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 102. ISBN 0691025436. herbert hoover fired black republicans.
  31. ↑ "How the party of Lincoln won over the once democratic south". History.com. September 3, 2021.
  32. ↑ "Meet Lt. Governor Jennifer Carroll". Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
  33. ↑ "'Blessed and highly favored' Byron Donalds wins election for U.S. Congressional District 19, pledges water quality No. 1 priority".
  34. ↑ Taylor | 11.29.23, Caleb. "Former University of Alabama, NFL defensive end Wallace Gilberry on…". 1819 News. Retrieved 2023-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ Moseley, Brandon (2021-07-12). "Kenneth Paschal in HD73 special election on Tuesday". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  36. ↑ "chastang". Mobile Bay Times. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  37. ↑ "Sharon Jackson For Alaska". Sharon Jackson For House (24). Archived from the original on 2023-01-04. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  38. ↑ Seipel, Brooke (July 12, 2021). "Conservative talk radio host Larry Elder enters California recall election against Newsom". The Hill. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  39. ↑ "Peter Boulware". Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  40. ↑ "Former Chatham Borough Mayor Bruce Harris Named as New Member of State Planning Commission". Chatham TapInto. February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  41. ↑ "'Ricochet' Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby". National Public Radio. 2007-11-15. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
  42. ↑ "Roy Innis re-elected to NRA Board", NRAwinningteam.com. Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  43. 1 2 Fletcher, Michael A. (2006-08-17). "Lynn Swann, Happy to Be on the President's Team". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
  44. ↑ "Clarence Thomas calls on conservatives to continue Justice Scalia's work". CBS News. November 18, 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  45. ↑ Norris, Michele (May 17, 2005). "Profile: Judge Janice Rogers Brown". WJCT. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  46. ↑ Brantley, Max (April 9, 2015). "Conservative panel set for 8th Circuit hearing on same-sex marriage case". Arkansas Times. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  47. ↑ Fikac, Peggy (September 7, 2013). "Departing Jefferson Reflects on His Path". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 29 December 2025.
  48. ↑ Dunlap, Stanley (February 12, 2021). "Melton to step down after leading Georgia courts through COVID crisis". Georgia Recorder. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  49. ↑ "Detroit-area prosecutor Worthy backs Wilder for top court". Associated Press. October 30, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2025.
  50. ↑ White, Ed (March 29, 2017). "Robert Young Jr is resigning from Michigan Supreme Court". Associated Press. Retrieved December 6, 2025.
  51. ↑ "Kevin A. Ross Bio, Wiki, Age, Wife, America's Court, Salary, Net Worth". Fact Profiles. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  52. ↑ "Judge Lynn Toler: Yes, I'm Republican". 24 September 2012.
  53. ↑ Garcia, Eric (May 17, 2022). "Who is Kathy Barnette, the Black Republican woman who could be the GOP nominee for Senate in Pennsylvania?". The Independent. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  54. ↑ "THE MEDIA WAR ON CONSERVATIVE WOMEN: DENEEN BORELLI COMMENTS". National Center for Public Policy Research. July 5, 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  55. ↑ Martin, Allie (March 9, 2015). "Video: Black Conservative Calls for Empowerment not Entitlement". WCBI. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
  56. ↑ Calfas, Jennifer (April 11, 2018). "Mark Zuckerberg Was Just Asked About Diamond And Silk. Here's What to Know About the Trump-Supporting Sisters". Time. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  57. ↑ Swanson, Justin (April 20, 2023). "Larry Elder, Republican Who Lost in California's Recall Election, Runs for President". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2025.
  58. ↑ "CNN TV – Anchors/Reporters:Amy Holmes". CNN International. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  59. ↑ Biggins, Walter (January 14, 2014). "In Defense of Armond White". Roger Ebert. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
  60. ↑ , National Association
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  63. ↑ Kasprak, Alex (2020-06-17). "Ex-Cop Brandon Tatum's Success Doesn't Disprove White Privilege". Snopes. Retrieved 2026-01-05.
  64. ↑ Kilander, Gustaf (2022-02-02). "Ted Cruz mocked for trolling tweet promoting Candace Owens for Supreme Court". The Independent. Retrieved 2026-01-05.
  65. ↑ Lee, John (February 8, 2024). "Klacik joins race in Maryland's 2nd Congressional District". WYPR. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  66. ↑ Zorthian, Julia (September 19, 2015). "Meet 13-Year-Old Conservative Activist CJ Pearson". Time. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
  67. ↑ Shultz, Cara Lynn (January 2, 2026). "The Unstoppable Harris Faulkner: The Fox News Anchor Making Waves". People. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  68. ↑ Palmer, Ewan (2018-05-02). "Piers Morgan Ends Interview Over 'Vile' BLM Comments". Newsweek. Retrieved 2026-01-05.
  69. ↑ Lydgate, Chris (May 28, 2018). "Conservative Author Offers Contrarian View of Black Power". Reed Magazine. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
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  84. ↑ "Noted Black Conservative Economist, Opponent of 'the Welfare State', Prof. Walter E. Williams Dead at 84". Christian Broadcasting Network. December 12, 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  85. ↑ del Guidice, Rachel (March 26, 2021). "How Conservatives Can Do Better in Engaging Black Americans". The Daily Signal. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
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Further reading and listening

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