Timeline of the George Washington presidency

The presidency of George Washington began on April 30, 1789, when George Washington was inaugurated as the first president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1797.

1789

April 1789

• April 30 – George Washington is inaugurated as the first president of the United States. John Adams becomes vice president.

June 1789

• June 1 – The first bill under the Constitution, a measure to regulate the administration of oaths, is passed and signed by George Washington.

July 1789

• July 4 – Congress passes the Tariff of 1789, its first protective tariff.
• July 27 – The Department of Foreign Affairs (later renamed the Department of State) is established as the first agency of the federal government of the United States.
• July 29 – The Senate ratifies a convention regarding the consuls of France and the United States from the previous November.

August 1789

• August 7
  • The United States Department of War is established.
  • The Lighthouse Act is passed.
• August 21 – A proposal for a Bill of Rights is adopted by the United States House of Representatives.

September 1789

• September 2 – The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.
• September 11 – Alexander Hamilton becomes the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.
• September 12 – Henry Knox becomes the first United States Secretary of War.
• September 15
  • The Department of Foreign Affairs is renamed the Department of State.
  • A law is passed to "provide for the safe keeping of the Acts, Records and Seal of the United States".
• September 22 – The position of postmaster general is established.
• September 24
  • The Judiciary Act of 1789 creates the federal courts and establishes that the Supreme Court has six justices.
  • Washington nominates John Jay as Chief Justice of the United States. He nominates John Blair Jr., William Cushing, John Rutledge, and James Wilson as justices of the Supreme Court. He also nominates Robert H. Harrison, but Harrison declines.
  • Washington nominates Gunning Bedford Jr., Francis Hopkinson, Harry Innes, Richard Law, John Lowell, Nathaniel Pendleton, David Sewall, and John Sullivan to the United States District Courts for the Districts of Delaware, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Georgia, Maine, and New Hampshire, respectively. He also nominates Thomas Johnson, Edmund Pendleton, and Thomas Pinckney to the District Courts for the Districts of Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, respectively, but they decline.
• September 25
  • Washington nominates David Brearley and James Duane to the United States District Courts for the Districts of New Jersey and New York, respectively.
  • The United States Congress proposes a set of 12 amendments to the U.S. constitution, for ratification by the states. Ten of them will be ratified and become the Bill of Rights. Another will be adopted as the Twenty-seventh Amendment in 1992.
• September 26
  • Thomas Jefferson becomes the first United States Secretary of State, Edmund Randolph becomes the first United States Attorney General, and Samuel Osgood becomes the first United States Postmaster General.
  • Thomas Jefferson ends his tenure as Minister Plenipotentiary to France.
• September 29
  • The U.S. Department of War establishes the nation's first regular army, with a strength of several hundred men.
  • The 1st United States Congress adjourns its first session.

October 1789

• October 3 – Washington issues the National Thanksgiving Proclamation, ordering a Thanksgiving day.

November 1789

• November 18 – Washington selects William Drayton as a recess appointment to the District Court for the District of South Carolina.
• November 21 – North Carolina joins the Union as the 12th State.
• November 28 – Washington selects Cyrus Griffin as a recess appointment to the District Court for the District of Virginia.

December 1789

• December 22 – Washington selects William Paca as a recess appointment to the District Court for the District of Maryland.

1790

January 1790

• January 4 – The 1st United States Congress convenes for its second session.
• January 6 – The consular treaty between France and the United States enters into force.
• January 8 – Washington delivers the first State of the Union Address.
• January 14 – Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton submits the First Report on the Public Credit to Congress.

February 1790

• February 1 – In New York City, the Supreme Court of the United States convenes for the first time.
• February 2 – Edmund Randolph enters into his duties as attorney general.
• February 8
  • Washington nominates James Iredell to the Supreme Court.
  • Washington nominates his recess appointments William Drayton, Cyrus Griffin, and William Paca to continue serving in their respective seats.
• February 25 – North Carolina cedes its western territories (modern day Tennessee) to the federal government.

March 1790

• March 1 – The first United States Census is authorized.
• March 22 – Thomas Jefferson enters into his duties as secretary of state.
• March 26 – Congress passes the Naturalization Act of 1790, its first naturalization law. It permits white people to become citizens after two years of residence.

April 1790

• April 10 – The Patent Act of 1790 passes, establishing the United States patent system.
• April 20 – William Carmichael becomes the first US Chargé d'Affaires to Spain.
• April 30 – A law is passed establishing federal crimes such as murder and treason, applicable under the jurisdiction of federal land or the sea.

May 1790

• May 26 – Congress passes an act to govern the creation of states from the "Southwest Territory", from which Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi will be formed.
• May 29 – Rhode Island ratifies the Constitution of the United States and becomes the thirteenth state.
• May 31 – The Copyright Act of 1790, the first copyright law of the United States, is signed into law.

June 1790

• June 7 – Washington nominates William Richardson Davie to the District Court for the District of North Carolina, but Davie declines.
• June 11 – Washington nominates Thomas Bee to the District Court for the District of South Carolina.
• June 14 – William Short becomes Minister Plenipotentiary to France.
• June 20 – Compromise of 1790: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton come to an agreement: Madison agrees to not be "strenuous" in opposition for the assumption of state debts by the federal government; Hamilton agrees to support the capital site being above the Potomac.

July 1790

• July 2 – Washington nominates Henry Marchant to the District Court for the District of Rhode Island.
• July 10 – The U.S. House of Representatives votes, 32–29 to approve creating the District of Columbia from portions of Maryland and Virginia for the eventual seat of government and national capital.
• July 16 – The national capital is legally changed from New York City to present-day Washington, D.C. The Residence Act authorizes Washington to order surveys and acquisitions of the land and sets a deadline of December 1800.
• July 22 – A law is passed setting requirements for a license to trade with Indian tribes.
• July 26 – Alexander Hamilton's Assumption Bill, giving effect to his First Report on the Public Credit, is passed in the United States Congress, allowing the federal government to assume the consolidated debts of the U.S. states.

August 1790

• August 2 – Washington nominates John Stokes to the District Court for the District of North Carolina.
• August 4
  • The Funding Act of 1790 is passed. The federal government assumes all debts incurred by the states during the American Revolutionary War.
  • A newly passed U.S. tariff act creates the system of cutters for revenue enforcement (later named the United States Revenue Cutter Service), the forerunner of the Coast Guard.
• August 7 – The United States signs the Treaty of New York with the Creek people.
• August 12 – The 1st United States Congress adjourns its second session.
• August 14 – Washington issues a proclamation declaring a treaty of Peace and Friendship with the Creek Nations.
• August 26 – Washington issues a proclamation warning against violation of treaties with the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw peoples.
• August 28 – Washington selects Robert Morris as a recess appointment to the District Court for the District of New Jersey.

October 1790

• October 20 – The Harmar Campaign ends in a defeat of U.S. Army General Josiah Harmar and Colonel John Hardin by the Western Confederacy of Indians, led by Chief Mihšihkinaahkwa of the Miami tribe and Weyapiersenwah of the Shawnee at Kekionga (now Fort Wayne, Indiana).

December 1790

• December 6
  • The federal capital is moved from New York City to Philadelphia pending the construction of Washington, D.C.
  • The 1st United States Congress adjourns for its third session.
• December 8 – Washington delivers the second State of the Union Address.
• December 13 – Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton requests that Congress establishes a national bank in his Report on a National Bank.
• December 17 – Washington nominates John Sitgreaves to the District Court for the District of North Carolina and nominates his recess appointment Robert Morris to continue serving in his seat.

1791

January 1791

• January 2 – Big Bottom massacre in the Ohio Country, marking the beginning of the Northwest Indian War.
• January 24 – Washington issues a proclamation defining the boundaries of what will later be called the district of Columbia.

February 1791

• February 4 – Kentucky is authorized to become a state, effective July 1.
• February 8 – The Bank of the United States, based in Philadelphia, is incorporated by the federal government with a 20-year charter and started with $10,000,000 capital.
• February 18 – Vermont is authorized to become a state, effective March 4.
• February 21 – The United States opens diplomatic relations with Portugal.
• February 25 – The First Bank of the United States is authorized.

March 1791

• March 3
  • Congress passes the Tariff of 1791, its first internal revenue law, to tax liquor.
  • The 1st United States Congress adjourns from its third session.
• March 4
  • Vermont becomes the fourteenth state of the United States.
  • Washington nominates Nathaniel Chipman to the District Court for the District of Vermont.
• March 19 – Washington issues a proclamation condemning James O'Fallon for building forces in a way that "disturbs the public peace".
• March 30 – Washington issues a proclamation ordering a survey of the lands that will later be the District of Columbia.

May 1791

• May 13 – David Humphreys becomes the first US Minister Resident to Portugal.

July 1791

• July 2 – The United States signs the Treaty of Holston with the Cherokee.
• July 14 – Washington selects William Lewis as a recess appointment to the District Court for the District of Pennsylvania.

August 1791

• August 5 – Washington selects Thomas Johnson as a recess appointment to the Supreme Court.
• August 12 – Timothy Pickering succeeds Samuel Osgood as postmaster general.
• August 19 – Timothy Pickering enters into his duties as postmaster general.

September 1791

• September 9 – Washington, D.C. is named after George Washington.

October 1791

• October 24 – The 2nd United States Congress convenes for its first session.
• October 25 – Washington delivers the 1791 State of the Union Address.
• October 31 – Washington nominates his recess appointments Thomas Johnson and William Lewis to continue serving in their respective seats.

November 1791

• November 4 – The Miami people in the Northwest Territory repel an attack by General Arthur St. Clair in what came to be known as St. Clair's defeat. Approximately 900 of St. Clair's 1,400 men are injured or killed.

December 1791

• December 15 – The first ten amendments to the Constitution, collectively called the Bill of Rights, are ratified.

1792

January 1792

• January 12
  • Thomas Pinckney becomes Minister Plenipotentiary to Great Britain.
  • Washington nominates Richard Peters to the District Court for the District of Pennsylvania.

February 1792

• February 20 – The Postal Service Act is passed, detailing the powers of the postmaster general and setting postage rates.

March 1792

• March 1 – The Presidential Succession Act is passed, establishing procedures for the presidential line of succession.

April 1792

• April 2 – The Coinage Act is passed, establishing the United States Mint and setting types of coinage.
• April 5 – Washington vetoes a bill designed to apportion representatives among U.S. states, saying it is unconstitutional. This is the first time the presidential veto is used in the United States.
• April 6 – Washington's veto of April 5 is sustained in the House.
• April 14 – The Apportionment Act of 1792 is passed to increase the number of seats in the House of Representatives.
• April 23 – The United States signs the Five Nations Agreement.

May 1792

• May 2 – The first Militia Act is passed, granting the president authorization to raise a militia in response to invasion or insurrection.
• May 8
  • The second Militia Act is passed, granting state militias the power of conscription.
  • The 2nd United States Congress adjourns its first session of Congress.
• May 15 – William Short ends his tenure as Minister Plenipotentiary to France.

June 1792

• June 1 – Kentucky becomes the fifteenth state of the United States.
• June 3 – Gouverneur Morris becomes Minister Plenipotentiary to France.
• June 18 – William Short becomes Minister Resident to the Netherlands.

September 1792

• September 15 – Washington issues a proclamation ordering violent protests against taxes on whiskey to disperse.

October 1792

• October 13 – The cornerstone is laid for what will later be called the White House.

November 1792

• November 5 – The 2nd United States Congress convenes for its second session.
• November 6
  • The second United States presidential election is held. Incumbent President George Washington receives all 132 electoral votes for president, and incumbent Vice President John Adams is re-elected with 77 of 132 votes, with George Clinton receiving 50.
  • Washington delivers the 1792 State of the Union Address.

December 1792

• December 1 – Washington is reelected president in the 1792 presidential election, receiving every vote in the Electoral College. John Adams is reelected as vice president.
• December 12 – Washington issues a proclamation offering a reward for the capture of those who burned a Cherokee town.
• December 19 – William Short ends his tenure as Minister Resident to the Netherlands.

1793

February 1793

• February 12 – The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 is passed, mandating that state governments capture and return escaped slaves from other states.
• February 13 – A joint session of congress counted the Electoral College votes and elected George Washington to a second term, once again with a unanimous victory.
• February 21 – The Patent Act of 1793 expands the administration and requirements for the approval of patents.
• February 25 – George Washington holds the first Cabinet meeting as President of the United States.
• February 27 – Washington nominates William Paterson to the Supreme Court but withdraws the nomination the following day.

March 1793

• March 2 – The 2nd United States Congress adjourns from its second session.
• March 4
  • Washington is inaugurated for his second term as president.
  • Washington nominates William Paterson to the Supreme Court again.

April 1793

• April 22 – Washington issues the Proclamation of Neutrality, unilaterally declaring that the United States is neutral in the War of the First Coalition against France.

May 1793

• May 18 – French envoy Edmond-Charles Genêt meets with Washington. Congress and Washington's cabinet are both reluctant to accept him because he seeks to bring the United States into the war against Great Britain.

August 1793

• August 19 – Washington summons Attorney General Edmund Randolph to discuss a French dispatch.

September 1793

• September 3 – Washington selects Samuel Hitchcock as a recess appointment to the District Court for the District of Rhode Island.
• September 18 – The cornerstone of the United States Capitol is laid with Washington in attendance.

October 1793

• October 1 – Great Britain begins seizing ships that trade with the French West Indies, which will ultimately include more than 200 American ships.

December 1793

• December 2 – The 3rd United States Congress convenes for its first session.
• December 3 – Washington delivers the 1793 State of the Union Address.
• December 27 – Washington nominates his recess appointment Samuel Hitchcock to continue serving in his seat.
• December 31 – Thomas Jefferson resigns as secretary of state.

1794

January 1794

• January 2 – Attorney General Edmund Randolph succeeds Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state.
• January 13 – The U.S. Congress enacts a law providing for, effective May 1, 1795, a United States flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes, in recognition of the recent admission of Vermont and Kentucky as the 14th and 15th states. A subsequent act restores the number of stripes to 13, but provides for additional stars upon the admission of each additional state.
• January 27 – William Bradford succeeds Edmund Randolph as attorney general.
• January 29 – William Bradford enters into his duties as attorney general.

February 1794

• February 11 – The first session of the United States Senate is open to the public.

March 1794

• March 4 – The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed by Congress for submission to the states for ratification.
• March 11 – Congress authorizes the construction of six frigates for the Navy in response to British attacks on American ships.
• March 20 – A law is passed ordering the defense of American ports against Great Britain.
• March 22 – The Slave Trade Act of 1794 is passed, banning the trading of slaves from the United States to another country or the construction and fitting of ships to this end.
• March 24 – Washington issues a proclamation condemning the raising of forces to invade friendly foreign territory.
• March 26 – The U.S. lays a 60-day embargo on all shipping to and from Great Britain.
• March 27
  • The Naval Act of 1794 is passed. It authorizes the construction of six ships for the Navy.
  • The U.S. Senate passes a rule ending its policy of closing all of its sessions to the public.

April 1794

• April 9 – Gouverneur Morris ends his tenure as Minister Plenipotentiary to France.
• April 16
  • Washington sends Chief Justice John Jay to negotiate with Great Britain and improve relations between the two nations.
  • Washington nominates Richard Harison to the District Court for the District of New York but later withdraws the nomination.

May 1794

• May 5 – Washington nominates John Laurance to the District Court for the District of New York. He withdraws his nomination of Richard Harison.
• May 8 – The Postal Act of 1794 grants permanent status to the Post Office and bans private postal services.

June 1794

• June 5 – The Neutrality Act of 1794 is passed, banning American citizens from enlisting with a foreign nation or planning acts of war against nations not at war with the United States.
• June 9 – The 3rd United States Congress adjourns from its first session.
• June 26 – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee.

July 1794

• July 21 – The Whiskey Rebellion, an insurrection in Pennsylvania, begins in opposition to the Tariff of 1791.

August 1794

• August 7 – Washington issues a proclamation ordering the Whiskey Rebellion to stand down.
• August 15 – James Monroe becomes Minister Plenipotentiary to France.
• August 20 – American forces led by General Anthony Wayne defeat British-aligned Native American forces in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in the Northwest Territory. This is the final battle of the Northwest Indian War against the Northwestern Confederacy.

September 1794

• September 5 – William Carmichael ends his tenure as Chargé d'Affaires to Spain.
• September 7 – William Short becomes Minister Resident to Spain.
• September 25 – Washington issues a proclamation authorizing military force to disperse the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania.

October 1794

• October 4 – In the first and only instance of an incumbent United States president leading men into battle, George Washington arrives at Carlisle, Pennsylvania to guide the U.S. Army's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. The rebels soon disperse and the insurrection collapses by the end of the month.

November 1794

• November 3 – The 3rd United States Congress convenes for its second session.
• November 6 – John Quincy Adams becomes Minister Resident to the Netherlands.
• November 11 – The United States signs the Treaty of Canandaigua with the Six Nations.
• November 19
  • Great Britain and the United States sign the Jay Treaty, negotiated by John Jay, to resolve issues that persisted after the Revolutionary War and prevent further naval conflict between the nations.
  • Washington delivers the 1794 State of the Union Address.
• November 29 – A law is passed authorizing the president to station a militia in western Pennsylvania.

December 1794

• December 1 – Alexander Hamilton submits his intention to resign the secretary of the treasury.
• December 2 – The United States signs a treaty with the Oneida, Stockbridge, and Tuscarora peoples.
• December 8 – The Great New Orleans Fire burns over 200 buildings in the French Quarter.

1795

January 1795

• January 2 – Postmaster General Timothy Pickering succeeds Henry Knox as secretary of war.
• January 29 – The Naturalization Act of 1795 is passed, increasing the necessary period of residency for citizenship from two years for five years, and setting a requirement that titles to nobility are renounced. This repeals the 1790 Uniform Rule of Naturalization.
• January 31 – Alexander Hamilton resigns as secretary of the treasury.

February 1795

• February 2 – Oliver Wolcott Jr. succeeds Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury.
• February 7 – The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, limiting the ability to sue states in federal courts.
• February 10 – Washington nominates John Pickering to the District Court for the District of New Hampshire.
• February 25 – Joseph Habersham succeeds Timothy Pickering as postmaster general.
• February 28 – The Calling Forth Act of 1795 is passed, authorizing the president to raise a state militia in response to an invasion.

March 1795

• March 3 – The 3rd United States Congress adjourns from its second session.

June 1795

• June 24 – The Senate ratifies the Jay Treaty.

July 1795

• July 10 – Washington issues pardons to participants in the Whiskey Rebellion.

August 1795

• August 3 – The Treaty of Greenville is signed, defining the land opened by the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
• August 18 – Washington signs the Jay Treaty.
• August 20 – Secretary of War Timothy Pickering becomes acting secretary of state.

September 1795

• September 5 – The United States signs a Treaty of Peace and Amity with the Regency of Algiers to pay protection money for shipping access.

October 1795

• October 20 – The United States signs a treaty with Spain, opening commerce along the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, and establishing boundaries between U.S. territory and Spanish Florida.
• October 27 – Spain and the United States sign Pinckney's Treaty, granting the United States duty-free access to the port of New Orleans.
• October 28 – Jay's Treaty enters into force.

November 1795

• November 1
  • Diplomat David Humphreys negotiates ransom and protection payments to the Regency of Algiers totaling approximately one million dollars.
  • William Short ends his tenure as Minister Resident to Spain.

December 1795

• December 7 – The 4th United States Congress convenes for its first session.
• December 8 – Washington delivers the 1795 State of the Union Address.
• December 10
  • Secretary of State and acting Secretary of War Timothy Pickering becomes secretary of war and acting secretary of state.
  • Charles Lee succeeds William Bradford as attorney general.
  • Washington nominates former Supreme Court justice John Rutledge as Chief Justice of the United States. The Senate will reject the nomination five days later.

1796

January 1796

• January 26 – Washington nominates William Cushing as Chief Justice of the United States, but Cushing declines. Washington also nominates Samuel Chase to the Supreme Court.
• January 27 – James McHenry succeeds Timothy Pickering as secretary of war.

February 1796

• February 29 – Ratifications of the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States are officially exchanged, bringing it into effect.

March 1796

• March 1 – Washington declines to grants Congress access to the documents related to the Jay Treaty, causing conflict between Washington and the Democratic-Republican Party.
• March 2 – The Senate ratifies the treaty of Peace and Amity with Algiers.
• March 3
  • Washington nominates Oliver Ellsworth as Chief Justice of the United States.
  • The Senate ratifies Pinckney's Treaty.
• March 8 – The Supreme Court issues its decision in Hylton v. United States. It rules that a tax on carriages is an indirect tax and is therefore not subject to the restrictions set by Article One of the Constitution.
• March 20 – The U.S. House of Representatives demands that the U.S. State Department supply it with documents relating to the negotiation of the Jay Treaty.
• March 30 – Washington refuses to provide the House with papers regarding the Jay Treaty.

April 1796

• April 25 – Pinckney's Treaty enters into force.

May 1796

• May 4 – An article is signed expanding on the Jay Treaty.
• May 18 – The Land Act of 1796 authorizes a surveyor general to survey and sell western lands.
• May 19 – The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1796 sets boundaries between the United States and Indian tribes and places restrictions on Americans traveling in Indian territory.
• May 28 – A law is passed authorizes the appointment of agents to seek the release of detained American seamen.
• May 31 – The United States signs the second Treaty of New York with the Seven Nations of Canada.

June 1796

• June 1
  • Tennessee is admitted as the sixteenth state of the United States.
  • The 4th United States Congress adjourns from its first session.
• June 29 – The United States signs the Treaty of Colerain with the Creek people.

July 1796

• July 1 – France protests the Jay Treaty that improved relations between Great Britain and the United States. It responds by suspending provisions of its Treaty of Alliance with the United States.
• July 11 – The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain, under the terms of the Jay Treaty.
• July 27 – Thomas Pinckney ends his tenure as Minister Plenipotentiary to Great Britain. He is succeeded by Rufus King.

August 1796

• August 8 – The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and the United States expires after ten years. It will be restored in 1799.

September 1796

• September 16 – Washington selects Joseph Clay Jr. as a recess appointment to the District Court for the District of Georgia.
• September 19 – Washington delivers his Farewell Address. He warns against political factionalism and foreign involvement.

October 1796

• October 13 – Washington selects Benjamin Bourne as a recess appointment to the District Court for the District of Rhode Island.

November 1796

• November 4 – The United States agrees to pay protection money to Ottoman Tripolitania with the Treaty of Tripoli.

December 1796

• December 1 – The 1796 presidential election takes place. John Adams is elected president. Thomas Jefferson is elected vice president under the electoral system of the time that granted the vice presidency to the runner up.
• December 5 – The 4th United States Congress convenes for its second session.
• December 7
  • Washington delivers the 1796 State of the Union Address.
  • The Electoral College elects John Adams as president.
• December 9
  • James Monroe ends his tenure as Minister Plenipotentiary to France. The position will remain vacant until December 1801.
  • Washington nominates Robert Troup to the District Court for the District of New York.
• December 21 – Washington nominates his recess appointments Benjamin Bourne and Joseph Clay Jr. to continue serving in their respective seats.

1797

January 1797

• January 1 – France rejects entry to American diplomat Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.

February 1797

• February 17 – Washington nominates John McNairy to the District Court for the District of Tennessee.
• February 28 – Washington vetoes a bill that would shrink the United States Cavalry.

March 1797

• March 3
  • The House sustains Washington's February 28 veto.
  • The 4th United States Congress adjourns from its second session.
• March 4 – Washington's tenure as president ends and John Adams is inaugurated as the second president of the United States.

See also

• Timeline of the John Adams presidency, for his successor
• Military career of George Washington
• Electoral history of George Washington

Works cited

• Bevans, Charles I. (1968). Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. United States Department of State.
• Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W., eds. (2009). The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Stathis, Stephen W. (2014). Landmark Legislation 1774–2012: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties (2nd ed.). CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-4522-9230-4.

External links

• George Washington's Mount Vernon